HIPs in Practice Report

Overview

HIPs in Practice is a targeted data collection focused on students participating in specific HIPs. During the Spring of 2021, 15 institutions participated in this effort focusing on two HIPs: learning communities and culminating experiences (capstone course, senior project, etc.). The survey includes a series of questions specific to each HIP, engagement-related questions drawn from NSSE, and items adapted from NSSE’s module on Inclusiveness and Engagement with Cultural Diversity to examine issues of equity.

This report presents students responses to the HIPs in Practice survey administered during the late spring of 2021. Overall, 2,330 students in 44 learning communities and 49 senior culminating experiences at 15 institutions responded to this questionnaire, for an overall response rate of 25.9%. The following tables detail students’ responses, by program.

Kuh and O’Donnell ¹ identified eight key elements that make these activities high-impact:

• Performance expectations set at appropriately high levels
  
• Significant investment of time and effort by students over an extended period of time
  
• Interactions with faculty and peers about substantive matters
  
• Frequent, timely, and constructive feedback
  
• Experiences with diversity wherein students are exposed to and must contend with unfamiliar people and circumstances
  
• Periodic, structured opportunities to reflect and integrate learning
  
• Opportunities to discover relevance of learning through real-world applications
  
• Public demonstration of competence.

This report is structured around these facets of engagement, with an added emphasis on diversity and equity. Responses are presented by theme.

Students participating in learning communities and culminating senior experiences received slightly different surveys with some items tailored to those experiences. These items are presented in their respective sections below; common items are presented by theme.

Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding, and should be interpreted with appropriate caution where cell counts or program level response rates are low. To maximize available data and protect confidentiality, programs were collapsed where respondent counts number less than five, and not reported if that category (“All others”) itself was less than five.

Participating institutions

California State University, Channel Islands	SUNY College at Oswego
California State University, San Bernardino	Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi
Chandler-Gilbert Community College	University of Arkansas
Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis	University of Montana Western
Minnesota State University, Mankato	University of Nebraska at Kearney
New York Film Academy	Warner Pacific University
Pacific Lutheran University	Westminster College
Redeemer University

Learning Communities

Students who participated in a learning community or some other formal program where groups of student take two or more classes together were asked about their experiences.

All LRNCM

All LRNCM

Response	Count	Percentage
To what extent does this program do the following? - Provide an academic support network (hip21_lc01_1)
Not at all	31	3
Very little	74	6
Some	224	18
Quite a bit	361	30
Very much	524	43
To what extent does this program do the following? - Provide opportunities for you to interact with faculty outside class (hip21_lc01_2)
Not at all	53	4
Very little	159	13
Some	336	28
Quite a bit	295	24
Very much	371	31
To what extent does this program do the following? - Provide opportunities for you to interact with other students outside class (hip21_lc01_3)
Not at all	63	5
Very little	129	11
Some	272	22
Quite a bit	309	25
Very much	440	36
To what extent does this program do the following? - Help you feel a part of the greater campus community at this institution (hip21_lc01_4)
Not at all	89	7
Very little	142	12
Some	311	26
Quite a bit	310	26
Very much	362	30
To what extent does this program do the following? - Help you develop a group of close friends (hip21_lc01_5)
Not at all	155	13
Very little	176	15
Some	296	24
Quite a bit	228	19
Very much	358	30
How many courses, if any, are you required to take with other students in the program? (hip21_lc02)
None	193	16
One	290	24
Two or more	721	60
Which of the following best describes this experience? (Select all that apply.) - Courses or activities in this program are related to your major or expected major (hip21_lc03_1)
Courses or activities in this program are related to your major or expected major	737	100
Which of the following best describes this experience? (Select all that apply.) - Courses or activities in this program are related to a shared theme or group interest (leadership, health and wellness, social issues, etc.) (hip21_lc03_2)
Courses or activities in this program are related to a shared theme or group interest (leadership, health and wellness, social issues, etc.)	688	100
Are students in this program assigned to the same residence hall or housing unit? (hip21_lc04)
No	442	36
Yes	394	33
Not sure	376	31

Culminating Senior Experiences

Students who completed a culminating senior experience, including capstone courses, senior project or thesis, or comprehensive exams, were asked about their experiences.

All SRCUL

All SRCUL

Response	Count	Percentage
Which of the following best describes this experience? (hip21_sc01)
Capstone course or senior seminar	693	73
Senior thesis, paper, or project	164	17
Comprehensive exam	8	1
Other	81	9
Is this experience required for your major? (hip21_sc03)
No	64	7
Yes	796	89
Not sure	38	4
Apart from major requirements, is this experience required for graduation? (hip21_sc04)
No	101	11
Yes	667	74
Not sure	130	14
To what extent has this experience involved the following? - Conducting research on your own (hip21_sc05_1)
Not at all	33	4
Very little	42	5
Some	141	18
Quite a bit	204	25
Very much	383	48
To what extent has this experience involved the following? - Conducting research with others (hip21_sc05_2)
Not at all	186	23
Very little	103	13
Some	174	22
Quite a bit	145	18
Very much	190	24
To what extent has this experience involved the following? - Doing creative work on your own (hip21_sc05_3)
Not at all	23	3
Very little	46	6
Some	167	21
Quite a bit	202	25
Very much	366	46
To what extent has this experience involved the following? - Doing creative work with others (hip21_sc05_4)
Not at all	161	20
Very little	104	13
Some	174	22
Quite a bit	174	22
Very much	190	24
To what extent has this experience involved the following? - Working with individuals or organizations outside your institution (hip21_sc05_5)
Not at all	272	34
Very little	133	17
Some	144	18
Quite a bit	86	11
Very much	165	21
To what extent has this experience involved the following? - Regular opportunities to reflect on your experience (hip21_sc05_6)
Not at all	46	6
Very little	65	8
Some	159	20
Quite a bit	230	29
Very much	302	38
To what extent has this experience involved the following? - Preparing for what you intend to do after graduation (hip21_sc05_7)
Not at all	71	9
Very little	83	10
Some	153	19
Quite a bit	182	23
Very much	312	39

Students who indicated participation in a capstone course or senior seminar, completed a senior thesis, or took a comprehensive exam in the first item (hip21_sc01) were asked to further describe their experiences. Responses are sorted by frequency and may not appear in survey order

Response	Count	Percentage
Capstone course or senior seminar: which best describe your experience?
A course in your major department	587	52
A course to help you prepare a portfolio of your work	186	17
A course to help you find a job after graduation (résumé development, mock interviews, etc.)	143	13
A course to help you prepare for professional licensure, certification, or qualification	104	9
An interdisciplinary course	92	8
None of the above	14	1
Senior thesis, paper, or project: which best describe your experience?
Senior thesis or paper	113	35
Library research	48	15
Field research	33	10
Portfolio of your work	33	10
Lab research	23	7
Internship or clinical experience	19	6
Work of fiction, poetry, play, or film	18	6
Computer program or application	14	4
Product design or prototype	10	3
Recital or other live performance	6	2
Art exhibition	6	2
Direction, choreography, or conducting	3	1
Comprehensive exam: which best describe your experience?
It is embedded in a course	6	43
Students work in groups	3	21
It is required for professional licensure, certification, or qualification	3	21
It involves individual sessions with a faculty member or advisor	1	7
It involves group meetings with a faculty member or advisor	1	7

High Performance Expectations

Setting high expectations for student academic performance helps set apart HIPs from other curricular affairs.

Learning Communities

All LRNCM

All LRNCM

Response	Count	Percentage
To what extent were expectations for the following explained to you? - What activities you would do as part of this experience (hip21_02_1)
Not at all	20	2
Very little	64	6
Some	224	22
Quite a bit	340	34
Very much	355	35
To what extent were expectations for the following explained to you? - What you would learn from this experience (hip21_02_2)
Not at all	21	2
Very little	51	5
Some	193	19
Quite a bit	349	35
Very much	388	39
To what extent does this experience challenge you to do your best? (hip21_07)
Not at all	35	4
2	39	4
3	50	5
4	156	16
5	232	23
6	158	16
Very much	329	33

Senior Culminating Experiences

All SRCUL

All SRCUL

Response	Count	Percentage
To what extent were expectations for the following explained to you? - What activities you would do as part of this experience (hip21_02_1)
Not at all	8	1
Very little	30	4
Some	102	13
Quite a bit	217	27
Very much	445	55
To what extent were expectations for the following explained to you? - What you would learn from this experience (hip21_02_2)
Not at all	10	1
Very little	41	5
Some	107	13
Quite a bit	215	27
Very much	424	53
To what extent does this experience challenge you to do your best? (hip21_07)
Not at all	14	2
2	11	1
3	28	4
4	77	10
5	144	18
6	140	18
Very much	377	48

Significant Time Investment

Demanding significant time and effort of students makes HIPs more challenging for students - and more rewarding.

Learning Communities

All LRNCM

All LRNCM

Response	Count	Percentage
When completed, about how much time will you have spent on this experience? (hip21_04)
Less than one month	106	11
1-2 months	144	14
3-4 months	281	28
5-6 months	85	8
More than 6 months	387	39
Compared to your typical learning experiences at this institution, about how much time does this experience require? (hip21_08)
Much less time	62	7
Less time	164	18
About as much time	379	41
More time	213	23
Much more time	103	11
Compared to your typical learning experiences at this institution, about how much effort does this experience require? (hip21_09)
Much less effort	51	6
Less effort	131	14
About as much effort	366	40
More effort	265	29
Much more effort	106	12
About how many hours do you spend in a typical 7-day week on [programs and activities that are part of] this experience? (hip21_03)
0	55	5
1-5	406	40
6-10	187	19
11-15	80	8
16-20	95	9
21-25	56	6
26-30	47	5
More than 30 hours	78	8

Senior Culminating Experiences

All SRCUL

All SRCUL

Response	Count	Percentage
When completed, about how much time will you have spent on this experience? (hip21_04)
Less than one month	52	6
1-2 months	120	15
3-4 months	459	57
5-6 months	111	14
More than 6 months	62	8
Compared to your typical learning experiences at this institution, about how much time does this experience require? (hip21_08)
Much less time	20	3
Less time	50	7
About as much time	238	32
More time	251	34
Much more time	180	24
Compared to your typical learning experiences at this institution, about how much effort does this experience require? (hip21_09)
Much less effort	12	2
Less effort	37	5
About as much effort	205	28
More effort	265	36
Much more effort	221	30
About how many hours do you spend in a typical 7-day week on [programs and activities that are part of] this experience? (hip21_03)
0	6	1
1-5	268	33
6-10	269	34
11-15	124	15
16-20	47	6
21-25	29	4
26-30	24	3
More than 30 hours	34	4

Higher-Order Learning

Challenging intellectual and creative work is central to student learning and collegiate quality. Colleges and universities promote high levels of student achievement by calling on students to engage in complex cognitive tasks requiring more than mere memorization of facts.

Learning Communities

All LRNCM

All LRNCM

Response	Count	Percentage
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Applying facts, theories, or methods to practical problems or new situations (hip21_05_1)
Not at all	49	5
Very little	83	8
Some	245	25
Quite a bit	312	31
Very much	310	31
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Analyzing an idea, experience, or line of reasoning in depth by examining its parts (hip21_05_2)
Not at all	40	4
Very little	65	7
Some	229	23
Quite a bit	309	31
Very much	352	35
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Evaluating a point of view, decision, or information source (hip21_05_3)
Not at all	34	3
Very little	59	6
Some	194	20
Quite a bit	321	32
Very much	383	39
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Forming a new idea or understanding from various pieces of information (hip21_05_4)
Not at all	35	4
Very little	61	6
Some	179	18
Quite a bit	320	32
Very much	395	40

Senior Culminating Experiences

All SRCUL

All SRCUL

Response	Count	Percentage
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Applying facts, theories, or methods to practical problems or new situations (hip21_05_1)
Not at all	27	3
Very little	34	4
Some	140	17
Quite a bit	228	28
Very much	372	46
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Analyzing an idea, experience, or line of reasoning in depth by examining its parts (hip21_05_2)
Not at all	23	3
Very little	26	3
Some	127	16
Quite a bit	216	27
Very much	409	51
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Evaluating a point of view, decision, or information source (hip21_05_3)
Not at all	21	3
Very little	34	4
Some	136	17
Quite a bit	209	26
Very much	400	50
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Forming a new idea or understanding from various pieces of information (hip21_05_4)
Not at all	22	3
Very little	21	3
Some	116	15
Quite a bit	227	28
Very much	411	52

Inclusiveness and Engagement with Cultural Diversity

Students’ exposure to inclusive teaching practices and intercultural learning in the course of their experience can foster greater understanding of an interconnected and complex world.

Learning Communities

All LRNCM

All LRNCM

Response	Count	Percentage
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Developing the skills necessary to work effectively with people from various backgrounds (hip21_05_5)
Not at all	33	3
Very little	64	6
Some	168	17
Quite a bit	300	30
Very much	426	43
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Recognizing your own cultural norms and biases (hip21_05_6)
Not at all	64	6
Very little	84	8
Some	216	22
Quite a bit	286	29
Very much	342	34
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Sharing your own perspectives and experiences (hip21_05_7)
Not at all	35	4
Very little	62	6
Some	174	18
Quite a bit	299	30
Very much	418	42
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Exploring your own background (hip21_05_8)
Not at all	72	7
Very little	117	12
Some	222	22
Quite a bit	240	24
Very much	338	34
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Learning about other cultures (hip21_05_9)
Not at all	82	8
Very little	110	11
Some	220	22
Quite a bit	245	25
Very much	330	33
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Examining issues of equity or privilege (hip21_05_10)
Not at all	78	8
Very little	136	14
Some	223	23
Quite a bit	233	24
Very much	319	32
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Respecting the expression of diverse ideas (hip21_05_11)
Not at all	41	4
Very little	60	6
Some	166	17
Quite a bit	273	28
Very much	448	45

Senior Culminating Experiences

All SRCUL

All SRCUL

Response	Count	Percentage
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Developing the skills necessary to work effectively with people from various backgrounds (hip21_05_5)
Not at all	59	7
Very little	60	8
Some	122	15
Quite a bit	181	23
Very much	378	47
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Recognizing your own cultural norms and biases (hip21_05_6)
Not at all	99	12
Very little	78	10
Some	165	21
Quite a bit	156	20
Very much	299	38
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Sharing your own perspectives and experiences (hip21_05_7)
Not at all	60	8
Very little	53	7
Some	153	19
Quite a bit	201	25
Very much	330	41
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Exploring your own background (hip21_05_8)
Not at all	122	15
Very little	110	14
Some	167	21
Quite a bit	150	19
Very much	249	31
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Learning about other cultures (hip21_05_9)
Not at all	145	18
Very little	113	14
Some	170	21
Quite a bit	143	18
Very much	226	28
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Examining issues of equity or privilege (hip21_05_10)
Not at all	164	21
Very little	98	12
Some	148	19
Quite a bit	135	17
Very much	249	31
How much has this experience emphasized the following? - Respecting the expression of diverse ideas (hip21_05_11)
Not at all	74	9
Very little	67	8
Some	139	18
Quite a bit	177	22
Very much	335	42

Reflective and Integrative Learning

Personally connecting with course material requires students to relate their understandings and experiences to the content at hand. Instructors emphasizing reflective and integrative learning motivate students to make connections between their learning and the world around them, reexamining their own beliefs and considering issues and ideas from others’ perspectives.

Learning Communities

All LRNCM

All LRNCM

Response	Count	Percentage
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Discuss your experience with other students in an organized setting (class, seminar, work group, etc.) (hip21_06_1)
Never	74	7
Sometimes	246	25
Often	285	29
Very often	394	39
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Write an informal piece (blog, journal, etc.) (hip21_06_2)
Never	250	25
Sometimes	313	31
Often	239	24
Very often	197	20
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Connect the experience to your major field or career goals (hip21_06_3)
Never	115	12
Sometimes	241	24
Often	269	27
Very often	372	37
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Combine ideas from different courses (hip21_06_4)
Never	73	7
Sometimes	265	27
Often	320	32
Very often	339	34
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Connect your learning to societal problems or issues (hip21_06_5)
Never	99	10
Sometimes	267	27
Often	316	32
Very often	313	31
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Include diverse perspectives (political, religious, racial/ethnic, gender, etc.) as part of the experience (hip21_06_6)
Never	103	10
Sometimes	244	25
Often	310	31
Very often	335	34
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Examine the strengths and weaknesses of your own views on a topic or issue (hip21_06_7)
Never	82	8
Sometimes	239	24
Often	327	33
Very often	346	35
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Try to better understand someone else’s views by imagining how an issue looks from his or her perspective (hip21_06_8)
Never	69	7
Sometimes	209	21
Often	343	35
Very often	371	37
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Learn something that changed the way you understand an issue or concept (hip21_06_9)
Never	68	7
Sometimes	216	22
Often	323	33
Very often	382	39
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Connect ideas to your prior experiences and knowledge (hip21_06_10)
Never	57	6
Sometimes	160	16
Often	356	36
Very often	415	42

Senior Culminating Experiences

All SRCUL

All SRCUL

Response	Count	Percentage
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Discuss your experience with other students in an organized setting (class, seminar, work group, etc.) (hip21_06_1)
Never	80	10
Sometimes	190	24
Often	226	28
Very often	301	38
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Write an informal piece (blog, journal, etc.) (hip21_06_2)
Never	233	29
Sometimes	222	28
Often	147	18
Very often	196	25
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Connect the experience to your major field or career goals (hip21_06_3)
Never	50	6
Sometimes	136	17
Often	234	29
Very often	379	47
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Combine ideas from different courses (hip21_06_4)
Never	33	4
Sometimes	120	15
Often	237	30
Very often	405	51
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Connect your learning to societal problems or issues (hip21_06_5)
Never	82	10
Sometimes	175	22
Often	208	26
Very often	329	41
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Include diverse perspectives (political, religious, racial/ethnic, gender, etc.) as part of the experience (hip21_06_6)
Never	152	19
Sometimes	182	23
Often	190	24
Very often	271	34
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Examine the strengths and weaknesses of your own views on a topic or issue (hip21_06_7)
Never	77	10
Sometimes	173	22
Often	242	31
Very often	301	38
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Try to better understand someone else’s views by imagining how an issue looks from his or her perspective (hip21_06_8)
Never	84	11
Sometimes	159	20
Often	245	31
Very often	305	38
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Learn something that changed the way you understand an issue or concept (hip21_06_9)
Never	56	7
Sometimes	145	18
Often	249	31
Very often	342	43
As part of this experience, about how often have you done the following? - Connect ideas to your prior experiences and knowledge (hip21_06_10)
Never	26	3
Sometimes	91	12
Often	252	32
Very often	420	53

Substantive Interactions

Having frequent interactions iwth faculty and peers on substantive matters provides contour for the HIP experience, as well as the chance for lasting connection.

Learning Communities

All LRNCM

All LRNCM

Response	Count	Percentage
As part of this experience, about how often have you met with a faculty or staff member from your institution? (hip21_10)
Never	124	13
Sometimes	437	48
Often	246	27
Very often	112	12
To what extent do these meetings focus on what you are learning in this experience? (hip21_11)
Not at all	9	1
Very little	43	5
Some	190	24
Quite a bit	324	41
Very much	228	29
As part of this experience, about how often have you worked with other students? (hip21_12)
Never	50	5
Sometimes	257	28
Often	312	34
Very often	300	33
To what extent has working with other students contributed to your learning? (hip21_13)
Not at all	23	3
Very little	69	8
Some	218	25
Quite a bit	302	35
Very much	254	29

Senior Culminating Experiences

All SRCUL

All SRCUL

Response	Count	Percentage
As part of this experience, about how often have you met with a faculty or staff member from your institution? (hip21_10)
Never	84	11
Sometimes	268	36
Often	209	28
Very often	178	24
To what extent do these meetings focus on what you are learning in this experience? (hip21_11)
Not at all	13	2
Very little	24	4
Some	110	17
Quite a bit	228	35
Very much	278	43
As part of this experience, about how often have you worked with other students? (hip21_12)
Never	119	16
Sometimes	201	27
Often	160	22
Very often	257	35
To what extent has working with other students contributed to your learning? (hip21_13)
Not at all	15	2
Very little	60	10
Some	153	25
Quite a bit	191	31
Very much	196	32

Frequent and Constructive Feedback

Frequent and timely feedback to students helps create a engaging and deep learning environment

Learning Communities

All LRNCM

All LRNCM

Response	Count	Percentage
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Faculty from your institution (hip21_14_1)
Not applicable	26	3
Never	56	6
Sometimes	229	25
Often	294	32
Very often	311	34
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Staff from your institution (hip21_14_2)
Not applicable	70	8
Never	121	13
Sometimes	278	31
Often	231	25
Very often	206	23
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Site or field supervisor (hip21_14_3)
Not applicable	0	–
Never	0	–
Sometimes	0	–
Often	0	–
Very often	0	–
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Co-worker (hip21_14_4)
Not applicable	0	–
Never	0	–
Sometimes	0	–
Often	0	–
Very often	0	–
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Other students (hip21_14_5)
Not applicable	29	3
Never	75	8
Sometimes	295	33
Often	250	28
Very often	253	28
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Someone in another role (Please specify): (hip21_14_6)
Not applicable	362	69
Never	26	5
Sometimes	46	9
Often	37	7
Very often	53	10
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Someone in another role (Please specify): - Text (hip21_14_6_TEXT)
0	1	1
20	1	1
3	1	1
advertising	1	1
Advisor	1	1
Alumni	1	1
audiences	1	1
CASA	1	1
Coach	1	1
Counselor	2	2
Embedded Peer Mentor	1	1
Faculty members	1	1
family	1	1
Family	1	1
Family members	1	1
Friends	1	1
Friends from my own country	1	1
Friends outside of school	1	1
friends outside of the class or our group	1	1
Graduate TA and Peer Mentors	1	1
Guess teachers	1	1
Hometown friends	1	1
Industry professionals	1	1
Instructor	1	1
LC Coordinator	1	1
LCC	1	1
Learning community advisor	1	1
Learning Community Coordinator	2	2
Master class	1	1
mentor	1	1
Mentor	2	2
Mentors	2	2
Mom	1	1
Mostly teachers	1	1
Mother	1	1
My professor gave me feedback constantly. Not sure if I’d count that as staff or faculty, so writing it here.	1	1
My Teacher’s In the Program	1	1
n/a	1	1
N/a	1	1
N/A	9	11
na	1	1
Na	2	2
No one	1	1
none	1	1
Organization leaders.	1	1
outside industry menbers	1	1
Parent	2	2
Parents	1	1
Peer mentor	1	1
Peer review	1	1
Peer Review	1	1
Please clarify, “this experience.” That is a very broad term.	1	1
pp	1	1
Professionals within the field	1	1
Professors, and TA’s	1	1
rishi raj	1	1
Roommate	1	1
SI leader	1	1
Sometimes	1	1
Student life	1	1
TA	1	1
TA’s	1	1
Teacher	2	2
teachers	2	2
Teachers	1	1
Teaching assistant	1	1
The nyfa fam	1	1
Thesis Advisor	1	1
TSLC Office Staff	1	1
To what extent is this feedback beneficial? (hip21_15)
Not at all	15	2
Very little	35	4
Some	196	22
Quite a bit	342	39
Very much	296	33

Senior Culminating Experiences

All SRCUL

All SRCUL

Response	Count	Percentage
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Faculty from your institution (hip21_14_1)
Not applicable	28	4
Never	39	5
Sometimes	164	22
Often	212	29
Very often	294	40
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Staff from your institution (hip21_14_2)
Not applicable	136	19
Never	80	11
Sometimes	186	26
Often	161	22
Very often	160	22
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Site or field supervisor (hip21_14_3)
Not applicable	257	35
Never	112	15
Sometimes	110	15
Often	107	15
Very often	140	19
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Co-worker (hip21_14_4)
Not applicable	335	46
Never	106	15
Sometimes	103	14
Often	89	12
Very often	91	13
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Other students (hip21_14_5)
Not applicable	55	8
Never	83	11
Sometimes	211	29
Often	172	24
Very often	207	28
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Someone in another role (Please specify): (hip21_14_6)
Not applicable	316	73
Never	24	6
Sometimes	29	7
Often	18	4
Very often	44	10
As part of this experience, about how often have you received feedback from the following individuals? - Someone in another role (Please specify): - Text (hip21_14_6_TEXT)
0	1	2
1	1	2
2	1	2
Advisor	1	2
Advisor/mentor	1	2
Another professor in my major	1	2
Brittany Parody	1	2
Cac Rep	1	2
Chair	1	2
Client	1	2
Club leader	1	2
Cooperating teacher	1	2
External Friends/Family	1	2
Faculty Tutor	1	2
Family	3	5
Family members	1	2
For motivation	1	2
Friends/family	1	2
Host teacher	1	2
Idk	1	2
Instructor	1	2
Instructor - Only Some	1	2
internship coordinator	1	2
librarian/tutors	1	2
Mentor	1	2
Mentor Teacher	1	2
mom	1	2
Mom	1	2
More experienced student	1	2
My spouse	1	2
My students	1	2
N/a	4	6
N/A	1	2
Na	1	2
No	1	2
None	3	5
Parents	3	5
Partner	1	2
professor	1	2
Professor	3	5
Professor for this course	1	2
Professor Smith	1	2
Project Chanpion	1	2
Researcher	1	2
SIte members	1	2
Sometimes	1	2
Supervising Teacher	1	2
Supervisor from the non-profit	1	2
Teacher	1	2
Team leader	1	2
The organization	1	2
The person who we were doing field experience for	1	2
Very often	1	2
Volunteer supervisor	1	2
To what extent is this feedback beneficial? (hip21_15)
Not at all	8	1
Very little	20	3
Some	112	16
Quite a bit	227	32
Very much	334	48

Engaging with Difference

Colleges and universities afford students new opportunities to interact with and learn from others with different backgrounds and life experiences. Interactions across difference, both inside and outside the classroom, confer educational benefits and prepare students for personal and civic participation in a diverse and interdependent world.

Learning Communities

All LRNCM

All LRNCM

Response	Count	Percentage
As part of this experience, about how often have you interacted with people from the following groups? - People of a race or ethnicity other than your own (hip21_16_1)
Never	32	3
Sometimes	164	18
Often	265	29
Very often	454	50
As part of this experience, about how often have you interacted with people from the following groups? - People from an economic background other than your own (hip21_16_2)
Never	34	4
Sometimes	184	20
Often	308	34
Very often	387	42
As part of this experience, about how often have you interacted with people from the following groups? - People with religious beliefs other than your own (hip21_16_3)
Never	40	4
Sometimes	195	21
Often	300	33
Very often	377	41
As part of this experience, about how often have you interacted with people from the following groups? - People with political views other than your own (hip21_16_4)
Never	59	6
Sometimes	235	26
Often	292	32
Very often	325	36
As part of this experience, about how often have you found yourself in settings or circumstances that are new or unfamiliar to you? (hip21_17)
Never	50	6
Sometimes	352	39
Often	345	38
Very often	162	18

Senior Culminating Experiences

All SRCUL

All SRCUL

Response	Count	Percentage
As part of this experience, about how often have you interacted with people from the following groups? - People of a race or ethnicity other than your own (hip21_16_1)
Never	68	9
Sometimes	140	19
Often	200	28
Very often	316	44
As part of this experience, about how often have you interacted with people from the following groups? - People from an economic background other than your own (hip21_16_2)
Never	62	9
Sometimes	157	22
Often	218	30
Very often	283	39
As part of this experience, about how often have you interacted with people from the following groups? - People with religious beliefs other than your own (hip21_16_3)
Never	85	12
Sometimes	180	25
Often	205	29
Very often	247	34
As part of this experience, about how often have you interacted with people from the following groups? - People with political views other than your own (hip21_16_4)
Never	77	11
Sometimes	198	28
Often	201	28
Very often	236	33
As part of this experience, about how often have you found yourself in settings or circumstances that are new or unfamiliar to you? (hip21_17)
Never	102	14
Sometimes	251	35
Often	249	34
Very often	125	17

Demonstration of Competence

Demonstrating the skills and knowledge acquired through the course of the experience equips students with confidence and proof of their learning.

Learning Communities

All LRNCM

All LRNCM

Response	Count	Percentage
At or near the conclusion of this experience, which of the following will you do? (Select all that apply.) - Give a presentation (talk, conference paper or poster, video, performance, recital, exhibit, etc.) in a class or other private setting (hip21_18_1)
Not selected	884	65
Selected	486	35
At or near the conclusion of this experience, which of the following will you do? (Select all that apply.) - Give a presentation (talk, conference paper or poster, video, performance, recital, exhibit, etc.) in a public setting (hip21_18_2)
Not selected	1,115	81
Selected	255	19
At or near the conclusion of this experience, which of the following will you do? (Select all that apply.) - Write a paper or report (hip21_18_3)
Not selected	839	61
Selected	531	39

Senior Culminating Experiences

All SRCUL

All SRCUL

Response	Count	Percentage
At or near the conclusion of this experience, which of the following will you do? (Select all that apply.) - Give a presentation (talk, conference paper or poster, video, performance, recital, exhibit, etc.) in a class or other private setting (hip21_18_1)
Not selected	527	55
Selected	433	45
At or near the conclusion of this experience, which of the following will you do? (Select all that apply.) - Give a presentation (talk, conference paper or poster, video, performance, recital, exhibit, etc.) in a public setting (hip21_18_2)
Not selected	763	79
Selected	197	21
At or near the conclusion of this experience, which of the following will you do? (Select all that apply.) - Write a paper or report (hip21_18_3)
Not selected	426	44
Selected	534	56
At or near the conclusion of this experience, which of the following will you do? (Select all that apply.) - Prepare a self-assessment of what you have learned, your performance, etc. (hip21_18_4)
Not selected	655	68
Selected	305	32

Perceived Gains

While subjective, student perceptions of their progress can inform educators and administrators alike.

Learning Communities

All LRNCM

All LRNCM

Response	Count	Percentage
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Writing clearly and effectively (hip21_19_1)
Not at all	58	6
Very little	77	8
Some	219	24
Quite a bit	263	29
Very much	294	32
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Speaking clearly and effectively (hip21_19_2)
Not at all	62	7
Very little	90	10
Some	207	23
Quite a bit	263	29
Very much	287	32
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Understanding concepts in your major (hip21_19_3)
Not at all	73	8
Very little	105	12
Some	169	19
Quite a bit	217	24
Very much	346	38
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Applying methods, tools, or techniques you have learned in previous courses (hip21_19_4)
Not at all	40	4
Very little	81	9
Some	196	22
Quite a bit	266	29
Very much	327	36
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Applying theory to practice (hip21_19_5)
Not at all	55	6
Very little	98	11
Some	213	24
Quite a bit	247	27
Very much	292	32
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Analyzing numerical and statistical information (hip21_19_6)
Not at all	165	18
Very little	212	23
Some	197	22
Quite a bit	171	19
Very much	162	18
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Thinking critically and analytically (hip21_19_7)
Not at all	44	5
Very little	66	7
Some	176	19
Quite a bit	289	32
Very much	332	37
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Solving complex, real-world problems (hip21_19_8)
Not at all	71	8
Very little	111	12
Some	224	25
Quite a bit	240	27
Very much	256	28
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Acquiring job- or work-related skills (hip21_19_9)
Not at all	74	8
Very little	95	10
Some	193	21
Quite a bit	242	27
Very much	302	33
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Working effectively with others (hip21_19_10)
Not at all	35	4
Very little	54	6
Some	158	17
Quite a bit	284	31
Very much	375	41
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Developing or clarifying a personal code of values and ethics (hip21_19_11)
Not at all	62	7
Very little	79	9
Some	213	24
Quite a bit	260	29
Very much	290	32
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Understanding people of other backgrounds (economic, racial/ethnic, political, religious, nationality, etc.) (hip21_19_12)
Not at all	49	5
Very little	71	8
Some	191	21
Quite a bit	261	29
Very much	335	37
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Preparing for your plans after graduation (hip21_19_13)
Not at all	0	–
Very little	0	–
Some	0	–
Quite a bit	0	–
Very much	0	–
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Being an informed and active citizen (hip21_19_14)
Not at all	59	7
Very little	89	10
Some	231	26
Quite a bit	242	27
Very much	284	31

Senior Culminating Experiences

All SRCUL

All SRCUL

Response	Count	Percentage
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Writing clearly and effectively (hip21_19_1)
Not at all	26	4
Very little	24	3
Some	116	16
Quite a bit	213	29
Very much	350	48
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Speaking clearly and effectively (hip21_19_2)
Not at all	42	6
Very little	53	7
Some	120	16
Quite a bit	209	29
Very much	305	42
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Understanding concepts in your major (hip21_19_3)
Not at all	23	3
Very little	21	3
Some	75	10
Quite a bit	199	27
Very much	412	56
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Applying methods, tools, or techniques you have learned in previous courses (hip21_19_4)
Not at all	16	2
Very little	21	3
Some	86	12
Quite a bit	183	25
Very much	425	58
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Applying theory to practice (hip21_19_5)
Not at all	29	4
Very little	30	4
Some	113	15
Quite a bit	185	25
Very much	375	51
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Analyzing numerical and statistical information (hip21_19_6)
Not at all	90	12
Very little	63	9
Some	167	23
Quite a bit	144	20
Very much	263	36
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Thinking critically and analytically (hip21_19_7)
Not at all	21	3
Very little	20	3
Some	77	11
Quite a bit	195	27
Very much	419	57
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Solving complex, real-world problems (hip21_19_8)
Not at all	52	7
Very little	40	5
Some	129	18
Quite a bit	192	26
Very much	317	43
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Acquiring job- or work-related skills (hip21_19_9)
Not at all	38	5
Very little	61	8
Some	139	19
Quite a bit	206	28
Very much	288	39
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Working effectively with others (hip21_19_10)
Not at all	59	8
Very little	51	7
Some	114	16
Quite a bit	172	24
Very much	333	46
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Developing or clarifying a personal code of values and ethics (hip21_19_11)
Not at all	67	9
Very little	51	7
Some	146	20
Quite a bit	172	24
Very much	291	40
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Understanding people of other backgrounds (economic, racial/ethnic, political, religious, nationality, etc.) (hip21_19_12)
Not at all	78	11
Very little	57	8
Some	157	22
Quite a bit	150	21
Very much	284	39
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Preparing for your plans after graduation (hip21_19_13)
Not at all	81	11
Very little	65	9
Some	132	18
Quite a bit	181	25
Very much	271	37
To what extent has this experience contributed to your knowledge, skills, and personal development in the following areas? - Being an informed and active citizen (hip21_19_14)
Not at all	72	10
Very little	58	8
Some	152	21
Quite a bit	172	24
Very much	273	38

Sense of Belonging and Support

Belongingness has increasingly become important for institutional metrics like engagement and retention.

Learning Communities

All LRNCM

All LRNCM

Response	Count	Percentage
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? - I feel comfortable being myself while participating in this experience. (hip21_20_1)
Strongly disagree	28	3
Disagree	52	6
Agree	403	45
Strongly agree	418	46
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? - I feel valued while participating in this experience. (hip21_20_2)
Strongly disagree	27	3
Disagree	78	9
Agree	418	46
Strongly agree	380	42
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? - I feel like part of a community while participating in this experience. (hip21_20_3)
Strongly disagree	28	3
Disagree	114	13
Agree	393	44
Strongly agree	367	41
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? - I feel supported by the program’s faculty. (hip21_20_4)
Strongly disagree	31	3
Disagree	69	8
Agree	388	43
Strongly agree	414	46
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? - I feel supported by the program’s staff. (hip21_20_5)
Strongly disagree	20	2
Disagree	76	8
Agree	402	45
Strongly agree	401	45
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? - I feel supported by the other students in this experience. (hip21_20_6)
Strongly disagree	22	2
Disagree	75	8
Agree	452	50
Strongly agree	355	39

Senior Culminating Experiences

All SRCUL

All SRCUL

Response	Count	Percentage
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? - I feel comfortable being myself while participating in this experience. (hip21_20_1)
Strongly disagree	12	2
Disagree	26	4
Agree	253	35
Strongly agree	436	60
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? - I feel valued while participating in this experience. (hip21_20_2)
Strongly disagree	18	2
Disagree	42	6
Agree	277	38
Strongly agree	388	54
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? - I feel like part of a community while participating in this experience. (hip21_20_3)
Strongly disagree	33	5
Disagree	67	9
Agree	271	37
Strongly agree	352	49

Overall Quality and Credit

Students were asked about their satisfaction with their experience, and if they had or would receive academic credit for it. In addition, students were asked about being subjected to offensive or discriminatory behavior.

Learning Communities

All LRNCM

All LRNCM

Response	Count	Percentage
Will you receive academic credit for this experience? (hip21_01)
No	121	12
Yes	615	61
Not sure	274	27
Overall, how would you evaluate the quality of this experience? (hip21_21)
Poor	24	3
2	22	2
3	43	5
4	120	13
5	194	21
6	206	23
Excellent	301	33
During this experience, how often have you been subject to offensive behavior or discrimination based on your identity (gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, etc.)? (hip21_24)
Never	750	83
Sometimes	102	11
Often	34	4
Very often	16	2

Senior Culminating Experiences

All SRCUL

All SRCUL

Response	Count	Percentage
Will you receive academic credit for this experience? (hip21_01)
No	13	2
Yes	764	95
Not sure	31	4
Overall, how would you evaluate the quality of this experience? (hip21_21)
Poor	20	3
2	14	2
3	18	2
4	63	9
5	124	17
6	160	22
Excellent	331	45
During this experience, how often have you been subject to offensive behavior or discrimination based on your identity (gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, etc.)? (hip21_24)
Never	658	90
Sometimes	41	6
Often	20	3
Very often	14	2

Student Characteristics: Learning Communities

Response	Count	Percentage
How many majors will you complete? (Do not count minors.) (majnum)
One	814	91
More than one	83	9
Which of the following categories best describes your (first) major? (majfirstcol)
Arts & Humanities (history, music, English, etc.)	250	28
Biological Sciences, Agriculture, & Natural Resources	101	11
Physical Sciences, Mathematics, & Computer Science	43	5
Social Sciences (psychology, political science, economics, etc.)	71	8
Business (accounting, management, etc.)	56	6
Communications, Media, & Public Relations	61	7
Education	47	5
Engineering	32	4
Health Professions (nursing, speech therapy, etc.)	130	15
Social Service Professions (criminal justice, law, etc.)	26	3
Other (general studies, professional studies, etc.)	65	7
Which of the following categories best describes your second major? (majsecondcol)
Arts & Humanities (history, music, English, etc.)	22	28
Biological Sciences, Agriculture, & Natural Resources	6	8
Physical Sciences, Mathematics, & Computer Science	6	8
Social Sciences (psychology, political science, economics, etc.)	15	19
Business (accounting, management, etc.)	6	8
Communications, Media, & Public Relations	6	8
Education	5	6
Engineering	1	1
Health Professions (nursing, speech therapy, etc.)	4	5
Social Service Professions (criminal justice, law, etc.)	4	5
Other (general studies, professional studies, etc.)	3	4
Thinking about this current academic term, are you a full-time student? (fulltime)
No	43	5
Yes	855	95
Did you begin college at this institution or elsewhere? (begincol)
Started here	717	80
Started elsewhere	180	20
Did either of your parents (or those who raised you) complete a bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., etc.) or higher? (parentedcol)
Not sure	27	3
No	316	35
Yes	553	62
What is your gender identity? - Selected Choice (genderid)
Man	292	33
Woman	573	65
Another gender identity	0	0
I prefer not to respond	14	2
Enter your year of birth (e.g., 1998): (birthyear)
17 and younger	3	0
18-22 years old	659	75
23 and older	212	24
Are you an international student? (internat)
No	701	79
Yes	190	21
Have you been diagnosed with any disability or impairment? (disability)
Yes	76	9
No	768	86
I prefer not to respond	49	5
Which of the following best describes your sexual orientation? - Selected Choice (sexorient17)
Straight (heterosexual)	636	71
Bisexual	95	11
Gay	21	2
Lesbian	16	2
Queer	20	2
Questioning or unsure	21	2
Another sexual orientation, please specify:	22	2
I prefer not to respond	59	7
Student-selected disability status including recoded multiple disabilities (disability_all)
A sensory impairment (vision or hearing)	2	3
A mobility impairment	2	3
A learning impairment (e.g., ADHD, dyslexia)	15	20
A mental health disorder	17	23
More than one disability	28	38
A disability or impairment not listed above	10	14
Student-selected race/ethnicity including recoded multiracial students (re_all19)
American Indian or Alaska Native	4	0
Asian	123	14
Black or African American	67	7
Hispanic or Latina/o	150	17
Middle Eastern or North African	6	1
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	3	0
White	371	41
Multiracial	136	15
Another race or ethnicity	11	1
I prefer not to respond	24	3

Student Characteristics: Senior Culminating Experience

Response	Count	Percentage
How many majors will you complete? (Do not count minors.) (majnum)
One	646	88
More than one	88	12
Which of the following categories best describes your (first) major? (majfirstcol)
Arts & Humanities (history, music, English, etc.)	122	17
Biological Sciences, Agriculture, & Natural Resources	54	7
Physical Sciences, Mathematics, & Computer Science	66	9
Social Sciences (psychology, political science, economics, etc.)	108	15
Business (accounting, management, etc.)	143	20
Communications, Media, & Public Relations	47	6
Education	73	10
Engineering	9	1
Health Professions (nursing, speech therapy, etc.)	46	6
Social Service Professions (criminal justice, law, etc.)	35	5
Other (general studies, professional studies, etc.)	23	3
Which of the following categories best describes your second major? (majsecondcol)
Arts & Humanities (history, music, English, etc.)	29	34
Biological Sciences, Agriculture, & Natural Resources	2	2
Physical Sciences, Mathematics, & Computer Science	4	5
Social Sciences (psychology, political science, economics, etc.)	13	15
Business (accounting, management, etc.)	14	16
Communications, Media, & Public Relations	9	11
Education	5	6
Engineering	0	0
Health Professions (nursing, speech therapy, etc.)	3	4
Social Service Professions (criminal justice, law, etc.)	2	2
Other (general studies, professional studies, etc.)	4	5
Thinking about this current academic term, are you a full-time student? (fulltime)
No	88	12
Yes	642	88
Did you begin college at this institution or elsewhere? (begincol)
Started here	340	47
Started elsewhere	389	53
Did either of your parents (or those who raised you) complete a bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., etc.) or higher? (parentedcol)
Not sure	15	2
No	437	60
Yes	277	38
What is your gender identity? - Selected Choice (genderid)
Man	228	32
Woman	473	66
Another gender identity	0	0
I prefer not to respond	15	2
Enter your year of birth (e.g., 1998): (birthyear)
17 and younger	0	0
18-22 years old	246	35
23 and older	467	65
Are you an international student? (internat)
No	706	97
Yes	23	3
Have you been diagnosed with any disability or impairment? (disability)
Yes	77	11
No	617	85
I prefer not to respond	34	5
Which of the following best describes your sexual orientation? - Selected Choice (sexorient17)
Straight (heterosexual)	570	79
Bisexual	55	8
Gay	19	3
Lesbian	5	1
Queer	13	2
Questioning or unsure	9	1
Another sexual orientation, please specify:	9	1
I prefer not to respond	46	6
Student-selected disability status including recoded multiple disabilities (disability_all)
A sensory impairment (vision or hearing)	4	5
A mobility impairment	2	3
A learning impairment (e.g., ADHD, dyslexia)	25	33
A mental health disorder	12	16
More than one disability	22	29
A disability or impairment not listed above	11	14
Student-selected race/ethnicity including recoded multiracial students (re_all19)
American Indian or Alaska Native	3	0
Asian	44	6
Black or African American	51	7
Hispanic or Latina/o	211	29
Middle Eastern or North African	3	0
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	3	0
White	317	43
Multiracial	65	9
Another race or ethnicity	5	1
I prefer not to respond	27	4

Student Feedback

Near the conclusion of the survey, students were asked to share what had been the most ( hip21_22) and least ( hip21_23) satisfying about their experience. Altogether, students provided 1,146 responses about the most satisfying aspects of their experience, and 1,116 responses about the least satisfying. Student responses can be found in your data file, and have not been edited for language or quality.

Resources

More information about the ongoing Assessing Quality and Equity in High-Impact Practices project can be found on the NSSE website. This report was designed to compactly display survey results; please note that when printing this document, only the displayed tables in each section will be printed. We advise sharing the HTML document, viewable in any web browser, or visualizing results from the summarized Excel version also provided. Questions and suggestions regarding this report may be directed to NSSE@indiana.edu.

Survey facsimilies for the learning communities and senior culminating experiences can be found on the project website as well.

Your data can be accessed in the same cloud drive as this report was. Frequency tables an a dictionary for all variables and program can be found in the Excel file. Please let us know if you would prefer data in another software format (R, Excel, SAS, etc.).

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1. Ensuring Quality & Taking High-Impact Practices to Scale by George D. Kuh and Ken O’Donnell, with case studies by Sally Reed (Washington, DC: AAC&U, 2013) ↩︎